From 8bc2700d152391431c3b707b7dcd268ce1efcdc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Sep 2026 19:09:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] docs: add Cua-S1 4B 0.2 inference contract

Record the pinned upstream revisions, the inference contract, the
/v1/systemone request mapping and the comparison tolerances for
Cua-S1 4B 0.2 in src/models/cua_s1/README.md, and list the directory
in the README layout table.

Part of #10.

Signed-off-by: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
---
 README.md                   |   1 +
 src/models/cua_s1/README.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/models/cua_s1/README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6cc42ab..f040cfa 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ Implementation code lives under `src/`; recipes and documentation stay at the re
 | --- | --- |
 | [`src/frontend/`](src/frontend/) | Rust serving code and the small engine interface. |
 | [`src/models/laya/`](src/models/laya/) | LAYA preprocessing, batching, state, execution, and output processing. |
+| [`src/models/cua_s1/`](src/models/cua_s1/) | Cua-S1 4B 0.2 inference contract, request mapping, and execution. |
 | [`src/backends/cuda/`](src/backends/cuda/) | NVIDIA GPU operations and kernel integration. |
 | [`src/backends/metal/`](src/backends/metal/) | Apple GPU operations and kernel integration. |
 | [`recipe/`](recipe/) | Model setup instructions, launch commands, configuration examples, and example requests. |
diff --git a/src/models/cua_s1/README.md b/src/models/cua_s1/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bb1ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/models/cua_s1/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# Cua-S1 4B 0.2 model engine
+
+This directory owns Cua-S1 4B 0.2 ([#10](https://github.com/ThinkFlowLab/system1-omni/issues/10)): request mapping, prompt construction, adapter selection, execution, and the answer-letter readout. This page records the pinned upstream revisions, the inference contract an implementation must match, and how its outputs will be compared with the upstream reference.
+
+Status: planned; nothing is implemented or validated yet. The first target is the `text` adapter on CUDA, starting with a worker that loads the model directly through Hugging Face Transformers and PEFT. The `multimodal` adapter is deferred; see [Not covered yet](#not-covered-yet).
+
+## Pinned revisions
+
+| Artifact | Revision |
+| --- | --- |
+| Reference code: [`trycua/cua`](https://github.com/trycua/cua/tree/0e75660ce4c2edda519e0c795fa3ad98abf4e76f/libs/cua-s1) `libs/cua-s1` | `0e75660ce4c2edda519e0c795fa3ad98abf4e76f` |
+| Base model: [`Qwen/Qwen3.5-4B`](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-4B) | `851bf6e806efd8d0a36b00ddf55e13ccb7b8cd0a` |
+| Adapters: [`cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2`](https://huggingface.co/cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2) | `16818868b0cc7813808aae4e87b417657046ab79` |
+
+The model revisions are the ones upstream pins in `libs/cua-s1/ci/weights.lock.json`, which lists the size and SHA-256 of every file. Downloads are checked against that file with upstream's `ci/fetch_pinned_weights.py --verify-only`.
+
+The reference implementation is `cua_s1.four_b.FourBModel`. The reference environment is upstream's `four-b` lock (`libs/cua-s1/python/uv.lock`) on Python 3.12, as upstream measured: torch 2.14.0, Transformers 5.17.0, PEFT 0.21.0 and torchvision 0.29.0. It has neither `flash-linear-attention` nor `causal-conv1d`, so Transformers runs the reference PyTorch implementations of those operations.
+
+## Model
+
+- **Base.** Qwen3.5-4B has 32 decoder layers: 24 Gated DeltaNet (linear attention) layers and 8 full-attention layers (layers 3, 7, ..., 31, counting from 0). Hidden size is 2560, the MLP intermediate size is 9216, the embedding has 248,320 rows, and the input and output embeddings are tied. The checkpoint also contains one MTP layer, which is not used.
+- **Adapters.** `text/` and `multimodal/` are two independently trained PEFT LoRA adapters, both rank 16 and alpha 32 (scale 2), stored in fp32.
+  - `text/` targets `q_proj`, `k_proj`, `v_proj` and `o_proj` in the 8 full-attention layers, and `gate_proj`, `up_proj` and `down_proj` in all 32 MLPs. The Gated DeltaNet attention blocks keep their base weights; only the MLPs in those layers are adapted.
+  - `multimodal/` targets the same language modules, plus `linear_fc1` and `linear_fc2` in the 24 vision blocks and in the vision merger. Its keys follow the image-text model layout (`model.language_model.*`, `model.visual.*`), so the two adapters are not interchangeable.
+- **Model classes.** Upstream loads `text` with `AutoModelForCausalLM` (`Qwen3_5ForCausalLM`) and `multimodal` with `AutoModelForImageTextToText` (`Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration`). `FourBModel` defaults to bfloat16. PEFT keeps the adapter weights in fp32 and, while the adapter is not merged, computes each LoRA branch in fp32 and casts the sum back to bfloat16.
+
+## Inference contract
+
+A decision is one forward pass over one prompt, with no decoding.
+
+1. Options get the letters `A` to `Z` in request order, so a question has at most 26 options.
+2. The prompt has a fixed system message and a user message in this layout (upstream `build_prompt`, text modality):
+
+   ```text
+   Goal: <goal>
+
+   App: <app>
+   Task family: <task family>
+
+   Accessibility tree:
+   <state>
+
+   Options:
+   A. <role> "<label>" -> <action>
+   B. ...
+
+   Answer with a single letter.
+   ```
+
+   The `Goal` line and the blank line after it are left out when the goal is empty. For `multimodal`, the user message starts with the image, and the `Accessibility tree` block is replaced by `The current screenshot is attached.`
+3. The base model's chat template is applied with `add_generation_prompt=True` and without an `enable_thinking` argument, so the prompt ends with `<|im_start|>assistant\n<think>\n`. Upstream's training scripts (`training/train_4b*.py`) build prompts the same way. Passing `enable_thinking=False` produces a different suffix (`<think>\n\n</think>\n\n`) and must not be used.
+4. Tokenization adds no special tokens. Text in the request that spells a special token, such as `<|im_end|>`, is encoded as that token, as upstream does. Each of the letters `A` to `Z` is a single token, with ids 32 to 57.
+5. The readout takes the logits at the last position, which leave `lm_head` in the model dtype, keeps the ids of the letters in use, casts them to fp32 and applies a softmax. The results are the option probabilities, in option order.
+
+For upstream's positive fixture (`libs/cua-driver/examples/jev-use/fixtures/jev-choice-request-v1.json`, 3 options), the prompt is 218 tokens.
+
+## Mapping `/v1/systemone` requests
+
+The worker follows upstream's closed-candidate chooser (`libs/cua-driver/examples/jev-use/python/decision_models.py`), which produced upstream's published fixture results. It uses the same fixed values and label escaping. The request `state` takes the place of the chooser's rendered screen regions.
+
+| `/v1/systemone` field | Prompt field |
+| --- | --- |
+| `state` | Accessibility tree. A string is used as is. An object or array is serialized as by Python's `json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False)`: separators `, ` and `: `, keys in request order, non-ASCII text kept. |
+| Question `instructions` | Goal, serialized in the same way as `state`. |
+| `criteria` keys, in request order | Options `A`, `B`, ... The keys themselves are not shown to the model unless their value is `null`. |
+| `criteria` values | Option label. A string is escaped with `json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False)[1:-1]`, as in the chooser. An object or array is serialized as above and then escaped the same way. `null` uses the key, escaped the same way. |
+| Fixed values | `App: Cua Driver`, `Task family: closed-candidate decision`, role `Decision`, action `select`. |
+
+The request `model` is `cua-s1-4b-0.2`. Each question in a request is a separate prompt and forward pass over the shared `state`. Each answer uses the Jev choice format, `{"type": "choice", "choice": ..., "probabilities": ..., "confidence": ...}`:
+
+- `choice` is the option with the highest probability. Ties go to the earliest option in request order. Upstream's chooser returns an error on a tie instead.
+- `probabilities` maps every option key to its probability.
+- `confidence` is `1 - H(p) / ln(n)` for `n` options, and 1 when `n` is 1, the same normalized entropy the LAYA worker reports. The Jev API only says that confidence is derived from `probabilities`. Upstream's chooser reports `p_max`, which can still be read from `probabilities`.
+
+The response `model` is `cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2@16818868b0cc7813808aae4e87b417657046ab79:text`, in upstream's identity format. `usage.input_tokens` is the total prompt length over all questions, and `usage.output_tokens` is 0.
+
+A request is rejected as a whole with `422` and a message naming the problem when it has:
+
+- a `score` or `noul` question, since the adapters were trained only on closed-option choices;
+- a `choice` with no options, more than 26 options, or duplicate keys;
+- a `criteria` value that is a number or a boolean;
+- an empty `state`;
+- a `model` other than `cua-s1-4b-0.2`.
+
+## Validation
+
+**Inputs.** The fixed input set is upstream's two checked-in fixtures, converted to `/v1/systemone` requests with the chooser's rendered regions as `state`, plus `/v1/systemone` choice requests that will be checked in with the worker. These cover 1 to 26 options, short and long states, string and structured `state`, `instructions` and `criteria`, `null` criteria, non-ASCII text, and text that spells a special token. Each input is scored once per configuration.
+
+**Tolerances.** These are declared before any comparison is run:
+
+| Comparison | Setup | Pass condition |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Worker prompt vs upstream `build_prompt` | Same inputs | Identical token ids |
+| Worker vs upstream `FourBModel` | Same GPU and reference environment, bfloat16, adapter not merged, full logits, one unpadded prompt per forward pass | Identical fp32 probabilities |
+| Through the frontend vs direct to the worker | Same worker | Identical status, content type and body bytes |
+| Native engine vs fp32 worker (later) | Same GPU; the engine runs in bfloat16; the fp32 worker runs with TF32 disabled | (1) Over the whole input set, the largest per-option probability difference is at most twice the bfloat16 worker's largest difference from the fp32 worker, plus 0.01. (2) The top option matches wherever the fp32 worker's top-two margin is at least 0.05. |
+
+The bfloat16 worker's own difference from the fp32 worker is reported next to each native-engine result.
+
+**Performance.** Performance results will state the hardware, revisions, commands and raw results. Load and warmup are reported separately from warm latency, and warm latency is broken down by prompt length and option count.
+
+## Not covered yet
+
+- The `multimodal` adapter: image preprocessing, the vision tower and the vision LoRA. This is tracked in [#10](https://github.com/ThinkFlowLab/system1-omni/issues/10).
+- `score` and `noul` questions.
+- More than 26 options per question.
+- The Metal backend.
+- The 0.1 adapters, which are a separate artifact.

From 7aa2c30564f0163e6abad0bdb01b2f3ed9c334aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Sep 2026 20:19:04 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] docs: define Cua-S1 error responses

State the error body and split the rejection rules into 400 for bodies
that are not usable JSON (including repeated keys) and 422 for requests
the model cannot answer, so the text and multimodal workers behave the
same way.

Part of #10.

Signed-off-by: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
---
 src/models/cua_s1/README.md | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/models/cua_s1/README.md b/src/models/cua_s1/README.md
index 6bb1ecf..6a07260 100644
--- a/src/models/cua_s1/README.md
+++ b/src/models/cua_s1/README.md
@@ -72,12 +72,16 @@ The request `model` is `cua-s1-4b-0.2`. Each question in a request is a separate
 - `probabilities` maps every option key to its probability.
 - `confidence` is `1 - H(p) / ln(n)` for `n` options, and 1 when `n` is 1, the same normalized entropy the LAYA worker reports. The Jev API only says that confidence is derived from `probabilities`. Upstream's chooser reports `p_max`, which can still be read from `probabilities`.
 
-The response `model` is `cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2@16818868b0cc7813808aae4e87b417657046ab79:text`, in upstream's identity format. `usage.input_tokens` is the total prompt length over all questions, and `usage.output_tokens` is 0.
+The response `model` is `cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2@<adapter revision>:<modality>`, in upstream's identity format, for example `cua-ai/cua-s1-4b-0.2@16818868b0cc7813808aae4e87b417657046ab79:text`. `usage.input_tokens` is the total prompt length over all questions, and `usage.output_tokens` is 0.
 
-A request is rejected as a whole with `422` and a message naming the problem when it has:
+An error rejects the whole request. Its body is `{"detail": "<message>"}`, as the LAYA worker returns, and the message names the problem.
+
+The status is `400` when the body is not a usable JSON object: invalid JSON or UTF-8, `NaN` or `Infinity`, a lone surrogate such as `\ud800`, nesting too deep to parse, or a key repeated in any object.
+
+The status is `422` when a well-formed request cannot be answered:
 
 - a `score` or `noul` question, since the adapters were trained only on closed-option choices;
-- a `choice` with no options, more than 26 options, or duplicate keys;
+- a question without an `instructions` field (`null` is allowed), or a `choice` with no options or more than 26 options;
 - a `criteria` value that is a number or a boolean;
 - an empty `state`;
 - a `model` other than `cua-s1-4b-0.2`.

From a59d5eac55a3ca820619a40cb95a5949aa2895f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Sep 2026 08:19:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] docs: list model implementations as src/models/ in the
 layout table

Signed-off-by: Tianyao Wu <rayroy31@gmail.com>
---
 README.md | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f040cfa..7635a78 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ Implementation code lives under `src/`; recipes and documentation stay at the re
 | Directory | Responsibility |
 | --- | --- |
 | [`src/frontend/`](src/frontend/) | Rust serving code and the small engine interface. |
-| [`src/models/laya/`](src/models/laya/) | LAYA preprocessing, batching, state, execution, and output processing. |
-| [`src/models/cua_s1/`](src/models/cua_s1/) | Cua-S1 4B 0.2 inference contract, request mapping, and execution. |
+| [`src/models/`](src/models/) | Model implementations, one directory per model: preprocessing, batching, state, execution, and output processing. |
 | [`src/backends/cuda/`](src/backends/cuda/) | NVIDIA GPU operations and kernel integration. |
 | [`src/backends/metal/`](src/backends/metal/) | Apple GPU operations and kernel integration. |
 | [`recipe/`](recipe/) | Model setup instructions, launch commands, configuration examples, and example requests. |