diff --git a/src/agentrust_trace/provenance.py b/src/agentrust_trace/provenance.py
index a548deb..cff6f2a 100644
--- a/src/agentrust_trace/provenance.py
+++ b/src/agentrust_trace/provenance.py
@@ -109,6 +109,14 @@ def tool_catalog_hash(tools: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> str:
     for index, t in enumerate(tools):
         if not isinstance(t, dict):
             raise ProvenanceError(f"tools[{index}] must be an object, got {type(t).__name__}")
+        if (
+            "input_schema" in t
+            and "inputSchema" in t
+            and anchor_bytes(t["input_schema"]) != anchor_bytes(t["inputSchema"])
+        ):
+            raise ProvenanceError(
+                f"tools[{index}] carries conflicting input_schema and inputSchema values"
+            )
     normalized = sorted(
         (
             {
diff --git a/tests/test_alias_canonical_comparison.py b/tests/test_alias_canonical_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c0d6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_alias_canonical_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""Alias equality follows the bytes hashed, including JSON type distinctions."""
+import pytest
+
+from agentrust_trace.provenance import ProvenanceError, check_tool_catalog, tool_catalog_hash
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("left,right", [
+    ({"const": True}, {"const": 1}),
+    ({"const": False}, {"const": 0}),
+    ({"properties": {"x": {"enum": [1]}}}, {"properties": {"x": {"enum": [True]}}}),
+])
+def test_python_equal_but_distinct_json_aliases_are_refused(left, right):
+    signed = {"name": "read", "description": "Read", "input_schema": left}
+    record = {"tool_catalog": {"hash": tool_catalog_hash([signed]), "tool_count": 1}}
+    with pytest.raises(ProvenanceError, match="conflicting input_schema and inputSchema"):
+        check_tool_catalog(record, [{**signed, "inputSchema": right}])
+
+
+def test_alias_object_key_order_does_not_change_the_hash():
+    tool = {"name": "read", "input_schema": {"type": "object", "additionalProperties": False}}
+    dual = {**tool, "inputSchema": {"additionalProperties": False, "type": "object"}}
+    assert tool_catalog_hash([dual]) == tool_catalog_hash([tool])
diff --git a/tests/test_provenance_dual_input_schema.py b/tests/test_provenance_dual_input_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3edb8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_provenance_dual_input_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""Regression coverage for conflicting MCP tool schema aliases (#297)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from agentrust_trace.provenance import ProvenanceError, check_tool_catalog, tool_catalog_hash
+
+
+def _schema(*, additional_properties: bool) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}},
+        "additionalProperties": additional_properties,
+    }
+
+
+def _tool(schema: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {
+        "name": "read_file",
+        "description": "Read a file from the sandboxed workspace",
+        "input_schema": schema,
+    }
+
+
+def test_equal_schema_aliases_keep_the_existing_wire_compatibility() -> None:
+    schema = _schema(additional_properties=False)
+    snake = _tool(schema)
+    both = {**snake, "inputSchema": schema.copy()}
+
+    assert tool_catalog_hash([both]) == tool_catalog_hash([snake])
+
+
+def test_conflicting_schema_aliases_are_refused_before_hashing() -> None:
+    live = _tool(_schema(additional_properties=False))
+    live["inputSchema"] = _schema(additional_properties=True)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ProvenanceError, match="conflicting input_schema and inputSchema"):
+        tool_catalog_hash([live])
+
+
+def test_check_tool_catalog_cannot_accept_a_decoy_snake_case_schema() -> None:
+    signed_shape = _tool(_schema(additional_properties=False))
+    record = {
+        "tool_catalog": {
+            "hash": tool_catalog_hash([signed_shape]),
+            "tool_count": 1,
+        }
+    }
+    live = {
+        **signed_shape,
+        "inputSchema": _schema(additional_properties=True),
+    }
+
+    with pytest.raises(ProvenanceError, match="conflicting input_schema and inputSchema"):
+        check_tool_catalog(record, [live])