diff --git a/rust/private/rustdoc_test.bzl b/rust/private/rustdoc_test.bzl
index 777def8e6e..3700978297 100644
--- a/rust/private/rustdoc_test.bzl
+++ b/rust/private/rustdoc_test.bzl
@@ -171,13 +171,32 @@ def _compiled_rust_doc_test_impl(ctx, toolchain, crate_info):
         is_executable = True,
     )
 
+    # An rlib's runfiles need not include its native shared libraries. The
+    # persisted doctest executables still need those libraries at test time.
+    runtime_libraries = []
+    for target in [ctx.attr.crate] + ctx.attr.deps:
+        if CcInfo not in target:
+            continue
+        for linker_input in target[CcInfo].linking_context.linker_inputs.to_list():
+            for lib in linker_input.libraries:
+                if lib.static_library or lib.pic_static_library:
+                    continue
+                if lib.dynamic_library:
+                    runtime_libraries.append(lib.dynamic_library)
+                if lib.resolved_symlink_dynamic_library:
+                    runtime_libraries.append(lib.resolved_symlink_dynamic_library)
+
     return [
         DefaultInfo(
             files = depset([test_runner]),
             runfiles = ctx.runfiles(
-                files = [doctest_dir, test_metadata, ctx.executable._test_runner_bin],
-                transitive_files = action.inputs,
-            ),
+                files = [doctest_dir, test_metadata, ctx.executable._test_runner_bin] + runtime_libraries,
+                transitive_files = crate_info.compile_data,
+            ).merge_all([
+                target[DefaultInfo].default_runfiles
+                for target in [ctx.attr.crate] + ctx.attr.deps + [ctx.attr._test_runner_bin]
+                if target[DefaultInfo].default_runfiles != None
+            ]),
             executable = test_runner,
         ),
         RunEnvironmentInfo(
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/BUILD.bazel b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c4ad0eb90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+load("@rules_cc//cc:cc_shared_library.bzl", "cc_shared_library")
+load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_import", "cc_library")
+load("//rust:defs.bzl", "rust_doc_test", "rust_library")
+load(":runfiles_test.bzl", "compiled_runfiles_test", "without_runfiles")
+
+# Compiled doctest launchers do not yet keep their executable suffix on Windows.
+NOT_WINDOWS = select({
+    "@platforms//os:windows": ["@platforms//:incompatible"],
+    "//conditions:default": [],
+})
+
+rust_doc_test(
+    name = "runtime_data_test",
+    crate = ":lib",
+    rustdoc_flags = ["--test-args=--nocapture"],
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS + select({
+        ":compiled_doctests": [],
+        "//conditions:default": ["@platforms//:incompatible"],
+    }),
+    deps = [
+        ":extra",
+        ":native_without_runfiles",
+    ],
+)
+
+compiled_runfiles_test(
+    name = "compiled_runfiles_test",
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS + select({
+        ":compiled_doctests": [],
+        "//conditions:default": ["@platforms//:incompatible"],
+    }),
+    target_under_test = ":runtime_data_test",
+)
+
+rust_library(
+    name = "lib",
+    srcs = ["lib.rs"],
+    compile_data = ["compile.txt"],
+    crate_name = "doctest_runfiles",
+    data = ["crate.txt"],
+    edition = "2021",
+    link_deps = [":native_import"],
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS,
+    deps = [":transitive"],
+)
+
+rust_library(
+    name = "transitive",
+    srcs = ["empty.rs"],
+    data = ["transitive.txt"],
+    edition = "2021",
+)
+
+rust_library(
+    name = "extra",
+    srcs = ["empty.rs"],
+    data = ["extra.txt"],
+    edition = "2021",
+)
+
+cc_import(
+    name = "native_import",
+    shared_library = ":native_shared",
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS,
+)
+
+without_runfiles(
+    name = "native_without_runfiles",
+    dep = ":native_import",
+)
+
+cc_shared_library(
+    name = "native_shared",
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS,
+    # Use the declared runtime path so this tests runfiles propagation without
+    # depending on rustdoc's executable-relative rpaths for persisted tests.
+    user_link_flags = select({
+        "@platforms//os:linux": ["-Wl,-soname,test/rustdoc_runfiles/libnative_shared.so"],
+        "@platforms//os:macos": ["-Wl,-install_name,test/rustdoc_runfiles/libnative_shared.dylib"],
+        "//conditions:default": [],
+    }),
+    deps = [":native"],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "native",
+    srcs = ["native.c"],
+    target_compatible_with = NOT_WINDOWS,
+)
+
+config_setting(
+    name = "compiled_doctests",
+    flag_values = {
+        "//rust/settings:experimental_compile_rustdoc_tests": "true",
+        "//rust/toolchain/channel:channel": "nightly",
+    },
+)
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/compile.txt b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/compile.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9698f3839a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/compile.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+compile data
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/crate.txt b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/crate.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e25ab2769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/crate.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+crate data
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/empty.rs b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/empty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a01339c9a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/empty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+//! A dependency with declared runtime data.
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/extra.txt b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/extra.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3887180cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/extra.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+extra dependency data
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/lib.rs b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95692e8b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! Read declared runtime files and call a shared library from a persisted doctest.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use std::path::PathBuf;
+//!
+//! let root = PathBuf::from(std::env::var("TEST_SRCDIR")?)
+//!     .join(std::env::var("TEST_WORKSPACE")?)
+//!     .join("test/rustdoc_runfiles");
+//! assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(root.join("crate.txt"))?, "crate data\n");
+//! assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(root.join("transitive.txt"))?, "transitive data\n");
+//! assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(root.join("extra.txt"))?, "extra dependency data\n");
+//! assert_eq!(include_str!("compile.txt"), "compile data\n");
+//! assert_eq!(doctest_runfiles::answer(), 42);
+//! # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
+//! ```
+
+#![warn(rust_2018_idioms)]
+
+#[link(name = "native_shared")]
+extern "C" {
+    fn native_answer() -> i32;
+}
+
+/// Return the value exported by the native runtime dependency.
+pub fn answer() -> i32 {
+    // SAFETY: native_answer takes no pointers and always returns a valid i32.
+    unsafe { native_answer() }
+}
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/native.c b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/native.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad8cbc7780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/native.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+int native_answer(void) { return 42; }
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/runfiles_test.bzl b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/runfiles_test.bzl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d92e2be57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/runfiles_test.bzl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""Compiled doctests need runtime dependencies, not their compilation tools."""
+
+load("@bazel_skylib//lib:unittest.bzl", "analysistest", "asserts")
+load("@rules_cc//cc/common:cc_info.bzl", "CcInfo")
+
+def _without_runfiles_impl(ctx):
+    return [ctx.attr.dep[CcInfo]]
+
+# A custom CcInfo dependency need not provide its own runtime runfiles.
+without_runfiles = rule(
+    implementation = _without_runfiles_impl,
+    attrs = {"dep": attr.label(providers = [CcInfo])},
+)
+
+def _compiled_runfiles_test_impl(ctx):
+    env = analysistest.begin(ctx)
+    target = analysistest.target_under_test(env)
+    action = [action for action in target.actions if action.mnemonic == "RustdocTestCompile"][0]
+    inputs = action.inputs.to_list()
+    runfiles = target[DefaultInfo].default_runfiles.files.to_list()
+    paths = [file.short_path for file in runfiles]
+
+    for name in ["crate.txt", "transitive.txt", "extra.txt", "compile.txt"]:
+        asserts.true(env, "test/rustdoc_runfiles/" + name in paths, "Missing runfile: " + name)
+
+    compilers = [file for file in inputs if file.basename in ["rustc", "rustdoc", "rustc.exe", "rustdoc.exe"]]
+    asserts.true(env, bool(compilers), "Compilation must retain its compiler inputs")
+    for file in compilers:
+        asserts.false(env, file in runfiles, "Compiler should not be a test input: " + file.path)
+    for file in runfiles:
+        asserts.false(env, "/rust_toolchain/" in file.path, "Compiler SDK should not be a test input: " + file.path)
+
+    libraries = [file for file in inputs if "native_shared" in file.basename and file.extension in ["so", "dylib", "dll"]]
+    asserts.true(env, bool(libraries), "Fixture must link a shared native library")
+    for file in libraries:
+        asserts.true(env, file in runfiles, "Missing shared library: " + file.path)
+
+    return analysistest.end(env)
+
+compiled_runfiles_test = analysistest.make(
+    _compiled_runfiles_test_impl,
+)
diff --git a/test/rustdoc_runfiles/transitive.txt b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/transitive.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bae365a145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rustdoc_runfiles/transitive.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+transitive data