diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index e3608b8..0a5047c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -10,21 +10,14 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
 
-  flake8:
-    name: Flake8
+  ruff:
+    name: Ruff
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v7.0.1
-      - name: Set Up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v7.0.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@v4.1.0
         with:
-          python-version: '3.10'
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          python -m pip install -U pip
-          python -m pip install flake8
-      - name: Check
-        run: python -m flake8
+          args: check --ignore=UP031 --target-version=py38
 
   mypy:
     name: MyPy
@@ -49,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     name: Test
     needs:
-      - flake8
+      - ruff
       - mypy
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
diff --git a/httpx_gssapi/__init__.py b/httpx_gssapi/__init__.py
index 3c53224..b05268c 100644
--- a/httpx_gssapi/__init__.py
+++ b/httpx_gssapi/__init__.py
@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@
 Both the sync and async HTTPX APIs should be fully supported.
 """
 __all__ = (
+    'DISABLED',
+    'OPTIONAL',
+    'REQUIRED',
+    'SPNEGO',
     'HTTPSPNEGOAuth',
     'MutualAuthenticationError',
-    'SPNEGO',
-    'REQUIRED',
-    'OPTIONAL',
-    'DISABLED',
 )
 
-import os
 import logging
+import os
 
-from .gssapi_ import HTTPSPNEGOAuth, SPNEGO, REQUIRED, OPTIONAL, DISABLED
+from ._version import get_versions
 from .exceptions import MutualAuthenticationError
+from .gssapi_ import DISABLED, OPTIONAL, REQUIRED, SPNEGO, HTTPSPNEGOAuth
 
-from ._version import get_versions
 __version__ = get_versions()['version']
 del get_versions
 
diff --git a/httpx_gssapi/_version.py b/httpx_gssapi/_version.py
index 72e8816..b62207e 100644
--- a/httpx_gssapi/_version.py
+++ b/httpx_gssapi/_version.py
@@ -10,17 +10,18 @@
 # https://github.com/python-versioneer/python-versioneer
 
 """Git implementation of _version.py."""
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 import errno
+import functools
 import os
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
-import functools
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 
-def get_keywords() -> Dict[str, str]:
+def get_keywords() -> dict[str, str]:
     """Get the keywords needed to look up the version information."""
     # these strings will be replaced by git during git-archive.
     # setup.py/versioneer.py will grep for the variable names, so they must
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@ class NotThisMethod(Exception):
     """Exception raised if a method is not valid for the current scenario."""
 
 
-LONG_VERSION_PY: Dict[str, str] = {}
-HANDLERS: Dict[str, Dict[str, Callable]] = {}
+LONG_VERSION_PY: dict[str, str] = {}
+HANDLERS: dict[str, dict[str, Callable]] = {}
 
 
 def register_vcs_handler(vcs: str, method: str) -> Callable:  # decorator
@@ -78,18 +79,18 @@ def decorate(f: Callable) -> Callable:
 
 
 def run_command(
-    commands: List[str],
-    args: List[str],
-    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+    commands: list[str],
+    args: list[str],
+    cwd: str | None = None,
     verbose: bool = False,
     hide_stderr: bool = False,
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, int | None]:
     """Call the given command(s)."""
     assert isinstance(commands, list)
     process = None
 
-    popen_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    popen_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         # This hides the console window if pythonw.exe is used
         startupinfo = subprocess.STARTUPINFO()
@@ -109,18 +110,18 @@ def run_command(
             if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 continue
             if verbose:
-                print("unable to run %s" % dispcmd)
+                print(f"unable to run {dispcmd}")
                 print(e)
             return None, None
     else:
         if verbose:
-            print("unable to find command, tried %s" % (commands,))
+            print(f"unable to find command, tried {commands}")
         return None, None
     stdout = process.communicate()[0].strip().decode()
     if process.returncode != 0:
         if verbose:
-            print("unable to run %s (error)" % dispcmd)
-            print("stdout was %s" % stdout)
+            print(f"unable to run {dispcmd} (error)")
+            print(f"stdout was {stdout}")
         return None, process.returncode
     return stdout, process.returncode
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ def versions_from_parentdir(
     parentdir_prefix: str,
     root: str,
     verbose: bool,
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Try to determine the version from the parent directory name.
 
     Source tarballs conventionally unpack into a directory that includes both
@@ -148,19 +149,18 @@ def versions_from_parentdir(
         root = os.path.dirname(root)  # up a level
 
     if verbose:
-        print("Tried directories %s but none started with prefix %s" %
-              (str(rootdirs), parentdir_prefix))
+        print(f"Tried directories {rootdirs!s} but none started with prefix {parentdir_prefix}")
     raise NotThisMethod("rootdir doesn't start with parentdir_prefix")
 
 
 @register_vcs_handler("git", "get_keywords")
-def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> dict[str, str]:
     """Extract version information from the given file."""
     # the code embedded in _version.py can just fetch the value of these
     # keywords. When used from setup.py, we don't want to import _version.py,
     # so we do it with a regexp instead. This function is not used from
     # _version.py.
-    keywords: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    keywords: dict[str, str] = {}
     try:
         with open(versionfile_abs, "r") as fobj:
             for line in fobj:
@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
 
 @register_vcs_handler("git", "keywords")
 def git_versions_from_keywords(
-    keywords: Dict[str, str],
+    keywords: dict[str, str],
     tag_prefix: str,
     verbose: bool,
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get version information from git keywords."""
     if "refnames" not in keywords:
         raise NotThisMethod("Short version file found")
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(
         # "stabilization", as well as "HEAD" and "master".
         tags = {r for r in refs if re.search(r'\d', r)}
         if verbose:
-            print("discarding '%s', no digits" % ",".join(refs - tags))
+            print("discarding '{}', no digits".format(",".join(refs - tags)))
     if verbose:
-        print("likely tags: %s" % ",".join(sorted(tags)))
+        print("likely tags: {}".format(",".join(sorted(tags))))
     for ref in sorted(tags):
         # sorting will prefer e.g. "2.0" over "2.0rc1"
         if ref.startswith(tag_prefix):
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(
             if not re.match(r'\d', r):
                 continue
             if verbose:
-                print("picking %s" % r)
+                print(f"picking {r}")
             return {"version": r,
                     "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
                     "dirty": False, "error": None,
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
     root: str,
     verbose: bool,
     runner: Callable = run_command
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get version from 'git describe' in the root of the source tree.
 
     This only gets called if the git-archive 'subst' keywords were *not*
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
                    hide_stderr=not verbose)
     if rc != 0:
         if verbose:
-            print("Directory %s not under git control" % root)
+            print(f"Directory {root} not under git control")
         raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse --git-dir' returned error")
 
     # if there is a tag matching tag_prefix, this yields TAG-NUM-gHEX[-dirty]
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
         raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse' failed")
     full_out = full_out.strip()
 
-    pieces: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    pieces: dict[str, Any] = {}
     pieces["long"] = full_out
     pieces["short"] = full_out[:7]  # maybe improved later
     pieces["error"] = None
@@ -350,8 +350,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
         mo = re.search(r'^(.+)-(\d+)-g([0-9a-f]+)$', git_describe)
         if not mo:
             # unparsable. Maybe git-describe is misbehaving?
-            pieces["error"] = ("unable to parse git-describe output: '%s'"
-                               % describe_out)
+            pieces["error"] = (f"unable to parse git-describe output: '{describe_out}'")
             return pieces
 
         # tag
@@ -360,8 +359,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
             if verbose:
                 fmt = "tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
                 print(fmt % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
-            pieces["error"] = ("tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
-                               % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
+            pieces["error"] = (f"tag '{full_tag}' doesn't start with prefix '{tag_prefix}'")
             return pieces
         pieces["closest-tag"] = full_tag[len(tag_prefix):]
 
@@ -387,14 +385,14 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
     return pieces
 
 
-def plus_or_dot(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def plus_or_dot(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """Return a + if we don't already have one, else return a ."""
     if "+" in pieces.get("closest-tag", ""):
         return "."
     return "+"
 
 
-def render_pep440(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """Build up version string, with post-release "local version identifier".
 
     Our goal: TAG[+DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]] . Note that if you
@@ -419,7 +417,7 @@ def render_pep440(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_branch(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[[.dev0]+DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means not master branch. Note that .dev0 sorts backwards
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@ def render_pep440_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]]:
+def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> tuple[str, int | None]:
     """Split pep440 version string at the post-release segment.
 
     Returns the release segments before the post-release and the
@@ -459,7 +457,7 @@ def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]]:
     return vc[0], int(vc[1] or 0) if len(vc) == 2 else None
 
 
-def render_pep440_pre(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_pre(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postN.devDISTANCE] -- No -dirty.
 
     Exceptions:
@@ -483,7 +481,7 @@ def render_pep440_pre(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_post(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_post(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]+gHEX] .
 
     The ".dev0" means dirty. Note that .dev0 sorts backwards
@@ -500,17 +498,17 @@ def render_pep440_post(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
             if pieces["dirty"]:
                 rendered += ".dev0"
             rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "g%s" % pieces["short"]
+            rendered += "g{}".format(pieces["short"])
     else:
         # exception #1
         rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+g%s" % pieces["short"]
+        rendered += "+g{}".format(pieces["short"])
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]+gHEX[.dirty]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means not master branch.
@@ -525,7 +523,7 @@ def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
             if pieces["branch"] != "master":
                 rendered += ".dev0"
             rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "g%s" % pieces["short"]
+            rendered += "g{}".format(pieces["short"])
             if pieces["dirty"]:
                 rendered += ".dirty"
     else:
@@ -533,13 +531,13 @@ def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
         rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
         if pieces["branch"] != "master":
             rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+g%s" % pieces["short"]
+        rendered += "+g{}".format(pieces["short"])
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dirty"
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_old(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_old(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means dirty.
@@ -561,7 +559,7 @@ def render_pep440_old(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_git_describe(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_git_describe(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[-DISTANCE-gHEX][-dirty].
 
     Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always'.
@@ -581,7 +579,7 @@ def render_git_describe(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_git_describe_long(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_git_describe_long(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG-DISTANCE-gHEX[-dirty].
 
     Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always -long'.
@@ -601,7 +599,7 @@ def render_git_describe_long(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render(pieces: Dict[str, Any], style: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def render(pieces: dict[str, Any], style: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Render the given version pieces into the requested style."""
     if pieces["error"]:
         return {"version": "unknown",
@@ -630,14 +628,14 @@ def render(pieces: Dict[str, Any], style: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     elif style == "git-describe-long":
         rendered = render_git_describe_long(pieces)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown style '%s'" % style)
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown style '{style}'")
 
     return {"version": rendered, "full-revisionid": pieces["long"],
             "dirty": pieces["dirty"], "error": None,
             "date": pieces.get("date")}
 
 
-def get_versions() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def get_versions() -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get version information or return default if unable to do so."""
     # I am in _version.py, which lives at ROOT/VERSIONFILE_SOURCE. If we have
     # __file__, we can work backwards from there to the root. Some
diff --git a/httpx_gssapi/exceptions.py b/httpx_gssapi/exceptions.py
index 86a6868..2b1ac88 100644
--- a/httpx_gssapi/exceptions.py
+++ b/httpx_gssapi/exceptions.py
@@ -5,17 +5,16 @@
 This module contains the set of exceptions.
 
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Optional
-
-from httpx import RequestError, Request, Response
+from httpx import Request, RequestError, Response
 
 
 class MutualAuthenticationError(RequestError):
     """Mutual Authentication Error"""
 
     def __init__(self, *,
-                 request: Optional[Request] = None,
+                 request: Request | None = None,
                  response: Response):
         self.response = response
         super().__init__(
diff --git a/httpx_gssapi/gssapi_.py b/httpx_gssapi/gssapi_.py
index 0f5a99b..dd9ef26 100644
--- a/httpx_gssapi/gssapi_.py
+++ b/httpx_gssapi/gssapi_.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-import re
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
-from itertools import chain
+import re
+from base64 import b64decode, b64encode
 from functools import wraps
-from typing import Generator, Optional, List, Any, Union
-
-from base64 import b64encode, b64decode
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import Any, Generator
 
 import gssapi
+import httpx
 from gssapi import SecurityContext
 from gssapi.exceptions import GSSError
-
-import httpx
 from httpx import Auth, Request, Response
 
 from .exceptions import MutualAuthenticationError, SPNEGOExchangeError
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@
 # OID for the SPNEGO mechanism
 SPNEGO = gssapi.OID.from_int_seq("1.3.6.1.5.5.2")
 
-_find_auth = re.compile(r'Negotiate\s*([^,]*)', re.I).search
+_find_auth = re.compile(r'Negotiate\s*([^,]*)', re.IGNORECASE).search
 
 
-def _negotiate_value(response: Response) -> Optional[bytes]:
+def _negotiate_value(response: Response) -> bytes | None:
     """Extracts the gssapi authentication token from the appropriate header"""
     authreq = response.headers.get('www-authenticate', None)
     if authreq and (match := _find_auth(authreq)):
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ class HTTPSPNEGOAuth(Auth):
 
     def __init__(self,
                  mutual_authentication: int = DISABLED,
-                 target_name: Optional[Union[str, gssapi.Name]] = "HTTP",
+                 target_name: str | gssapi.Name | None = "HTTP",
                  delegate: bool = False,
                  opportunistic_auth: bool = False,
-                 creds: Optional[gssapi.Credentials] = None,
-                 mech: Optional[Union[bytes, gssapi.OID]] = SPNEGO,
+                 creds: gssapi.Credentials | None = None,
+                 mech: bytes | gssapi.OID | None = SPNEGO,
                  sanitize_mutual_error_response: bool = True):
         self.mutual_authentication = mutual_authentication
         self.target_name = target_name
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> FlowGen:
 
     def handle_response(self,
                         response: Response,
-                        ctx: Optional[SecurityContext] = None) -> FlowGen:
+                        ctx: SecurityContext | None = None) -> FlowGen:
         num_401s = 0
         while response.status_code == 401 and num_401s < 2:
             num_401s += 1
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ def handle_mutual_auth(self, response: Response, ctx: SecurityContext):
     @_handle_gsserror(gss_stage='stepping', result=_gss_to_spnego_error)
     def set_auth_header(self,
                         request: Request,
-                        response: Optional[Response] = None) -> SecurityContext:
+                        response: Response | None = None) -> SecurityContext:
         """
         Create a new security context, generate the GSSAPI authentication
         token, and insert it into the request header. The new security context
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ def _make_context(self, request: Request) -> SecurityContext:
         )
 
     @property
-    def _gssflags(self) -> List[gssapi.RequirementFlag]:
+    def _gssflags(self) -> list[gssapi.RequirementFlag]:
         """List of configured GSSAPI requirement flags."""
         flags = [gssapi.RequirementFlag.out_of_sequence_detection]
         if self.delegate:
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index fb45282..f1debf9 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ packages =
     tests
 
 [tox:tox]
-envlist = py36, py37, py38, py39, py310
+envlist = py38, py39, py310, py311, py312, py313, py314, py315
 
 [testenv]
 deps =
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index b347e22..c9940b9 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from pathlib import Path
+
 from setuptools import setup
+
 import versioneer
 
 path = Path(__file__).parent
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@
 
 long_desc = readme.read_text() if readme.exists() else ''
 if history.exists():
-    long_desc = '\n\n'.join([long_desc, history.read_text()])
+    long_desc = f'{long_desc}\n\n{history.read_text()}'
 
 setup(
     long_description=long_desc,
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 984faf2..b05c7c5 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 # TODO: Provide this through k5test?
+import copy
+import multiprocessing as mp
 import os
 import re
-import copy
 import threading as th
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 from base64 import b64decode
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
 from typing import Generator, cast
 
-import pytest
-import k5test  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
-
 import gssapi.exceptions
+import k5test  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+import pytest
 
 WWW_AUTHENTICATE = 'WWW-Authenticate'
 AUTHORIZATION = 'Authorization'
 NEGOTIATE = 'Negotiate'
 
-_find_auth = re.compile(r'Negotiate\s*([^,]*)', re.I).search
+_find_auth = re.compile(r'Negotiate\s*([^,]*)', re.IGNORECASE).search
 
 
 class KrbRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def krb_realm() -> k5test.K5Realm:
     os.environ.update(realm.env)
     yield realm
     realm.stop()
-    os.environ = env
+    os.environ = env # noqa: B003
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
diff --git a/tests/test_end_to_end.py b/tests/test_end_to_end.py
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/tests/test_mocked.py b/tests/test_mocked.py
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 770bfc3..23e8cc9
--- a/tests/test_mocked.py
+++ b/tests/test_mocked.py
@@ -5,15 +5,13 @@
 from base64 import b64encode
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
-import pytest
-
-import httpx
-
 import gssapi
 import gssapi.exceptions
+import httpx
+import pytest
 
 import httpx_gssapi
-from httpx_gssapi import REQUIRED, OPTIONAL
+from httpx_gssapi import OPTIONAL, REQUIRED
 
 logging.basicConfig()
 
@@ -75,7 +73,8 @@ def null_request(method='GET', url="http://www.example.org/", **kwargs):
     return httpx.Request(method, url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def null_response(status=200, request=null_request(), **kwargs):
+def null_response(status=200, request=None, **kwargs):
+    request = request or null_request()
     return httpx.Response(status, request=request, **kwargs)
 
 
diff --git a/versioneer.py b/versioneer.py
index 1e3753e..8fd7222 100644
--- a/versioneer.py
+++ b/versioneer.py
@@ -308,17 +308,18 @@
 # pylint:disable=too-few-public-methods,redefined-outer-name,consider-using-with
 # pylint:disable=attribute-defined-outside-init,too-many-arguments
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import configparser
 import errno
+import functools
 import json
 import os
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
-from typing import NoReturn
-import functools
+from typing import Any, Callable, NoReturn, cast
 
 have_tomllib = True
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
@@ -337,9 +338,9 @@ class VersioneerConfig:
     style: str
     tag_prefix: str
     versionfile_source: str
-    versionfile_build: Optional[str]
-    parentdir_prefix: Optional[str]
-    verbose: Optional[bool]
+    versionfile_build: str | None
+    parentdir_prefix: str | None
+    verbose: bool | None
 
 
 def get_root() -> str:
@@ -384,8 +385,7 @@ def get_root() -> str:
         me_dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.splitext(my_path)[0])
         vsr_dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.splitext(versioneer_py)[0])
         if me_dir != vsr_dir and "VERSIONEER_PEP518" not in globals():
-            print("Warning: build in %s is using versioneer.py from %s"
-                  % (os.path.dirname(my_path), versioneer_py))
+            print(f"Warning: build in {os.path.dirname(my_path)} is using versioneer.py from {versioneer_py}")
     except NameError:
         pass
     return root
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ def get_config_from_root(root: str) -> VersioneerConfig:
     root_pth = Path(root)
     pyproject_toml = root_pth / "pyproject.toml"
     setup_cfg = root_pth / "setup.cfg"
-    section: Union[Dict[str, Any], configparser.SectionProxy, None] = None
+    section: dict[str, Any] | configparser.SectionProxy | None = None
     if pyproject_toml.exists() and have_tomllib:
         try:
             with open(pyproject_toml, 'rb') as fobj:
@@ -444,8 +444,8 @@ class NotThisMethod(Exception):
 
 
 # these dictionaries contain VCS-specific tools
-LONG_VERSION_PY: Dict[str, str] = {}
-HANDLERS: Dict[str, Dict[str, Callable]] = {}
+LONG_VERSION_PY: dict[str, str] = {}
+HANDLERS: dict[str, dict[str, Callable]] = {}
 
 
 def register_vcs_handler(vcs: str, method: str) -> Callable:  # decorator
@@ -458,18 +458,18 @@ def decorate(f: Callable) -> Callable:
 
 
 def run_command(
-    commands: List[str],
-    args: List[str],
-    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+    commands: list[str],
+    args: list[str],
+    cwd: str | None = None,
     verbose: bool = False,
     hide_stderr: bool = False,
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, int | None]:
     """Call the given command(s)."""
     assert isinstance(commands, list)
     process = None
 
-    popen_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    popen_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         # This hides the console window if pythonw.exe is used
         startupinfo = subprocess.STARTUPINFO()
@@ -489,18 +489,18 @@ def run_command(
             if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 continue
             if verbose:
-                print("unable to run %s" % dispcmd)
+                print(f"unable to run {dispcmd}")
                 print(e)
             return None, None
     else:
         if verbose:
-            print("unable to find command, tried %s" % (commands,))
+            print(f"unable to find command, tried {commands}")
         return None, None
     stdout = process.communicate()[0].strip().decode()
     if process.returncode != 0:
         if verbose:
-            print("unable to run %s (error)" % dispcmd)
-            print("stdout was %s" % stdout)
+            print(f"unable to run {dispcmd} (error)")
+            print(f"stdout was {stdout}")
         return None, process.returncode
     return stdout, process.returncode
 
@@ -1192,13 +1192,13 @@ def get_versions() -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
 
 @register_vcs_handler("git", "get_keywords")
-def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> dict[str, str]:
     """Extract version information from the given file."""
     # the code embedded in _version.py can just fetch the value of these
     # keywords. When used from setup.py, we don't want to import _version.py,
     # so we do it with a regexp instead. This function is not used from
     # _version.py.
-    keywords: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    keywords: dict[str, str] = {}
     try:
         with open(versionfile_abs, "r") as fobj:
             for line in fobj:
@@ -1221,10 +1221,10 @@ def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
 
 @register_vcs_handler("git", "keywords")
 def git_versions_from_keywords(
-    keywords: Dict[str, str],
+    keywords: dict[str, str],
     tag_prefix: str,
     verbose: bool,
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get version information from git keywords."""
     if "refnames" not in keywords:
         raise NotThisMethod("Short version file found")
@@ -1261,9 +1261,9 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(
         # "stabilization", as well as "HEAD" and "master".
         tags = {r for r in refs if re.search(r'\d', r)}
         if verbose:
-            print("discarding '%s', no digits" % ",".join(refs - tags))
+            print("discarding '{}', no digits".format(",".join(refs - tags)))
     if verbose:
-        print("likely tags: %s" % ",".join(sorted(tags)))
+        print("likely tags: {}".format(",".join(sorted(tags))))
     for ref in sorted(tags):
         # sorting will prefer e.g. "2.0" over "2.0rc1"
         if ref.startswith(tag_prefix):
@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(
             if not re.match(r'\d', r):
                 continue
             if verbose:
-                print("picking %s" % r)
+                print(f"picking {r}")
             return {"version": r,
                     "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
                     "dirty": False, "error": None,
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
     root: str,
     verbose: bool,
     runner: Callable = run_command
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get version from 'git describe' in the root of the source tree.
 
     This only gets called if the git-archive 'subst' keywords were *not*
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
                    hide_stderr=not verbose)
     if rc != 0:
         if verbose:
-            print("Directory %s not under git control" % root)
+            print(f"Directory {root} not under git control")
         raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse --git-dir' returned error")
 
     # if there is a tag matching tag_prefix, this yields TAG-NUM-gHEX[-dirty]
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
         raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse' failed")
     full_out = full_out.strip()
 
-    pieces: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    pieces: dict[str, Any] = {}
     pieces["long"] = full_out
     pieces["short"] = full_out[:7]  # maybe improved later
     pieces["error"] = None
@@ -1388,8 +1388,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
         mo = re.search(r'^(.+)-(\d+)-g([0-9a-f]+)$', git_describe)
         if not mo:
             # unparsable. Maybe git-describe is misbehaving?
-            pieces["error"] = ("unable to parse git-describe output: '%s'"
-                               % describe_out)
+            pieces["error"] = (f"unable to parse git-describe output: '{describe_out}'")
             return pieces
 
         # tag
@@ -1398,8 +1397,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
             if verbose:
                 fmt = "tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
                 print(fmt % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
-            pieces["error"] = ("tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
-                               % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
+            pieces["error"] = (f"tag '{full_tag}' doesn't start with prefix '{tag_prefix}'")
             return pieces
         pieces["closest-tag"] = full_tag[len(tag_prefix):]
 
@@ -1425,7 +1423,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(
     return pieces
 
 
-def do_vcs_install(versionfile_source: str, ipy: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def do_vcs_install(versionfile_source: str, ipy: str | None) -> None:
     """Git-specific installation logic for Versioneer.
 
     For Git, this means creating/changing .gitattributes to mark _version.py
@@ -1450,7 +1448,7 @@ def do_vcs_install(versionfile_source: str, ipy: Optional[str]) -> None:
     try:
         with open(".gitattributes", "r") as fobj:
             for line in fobj:
-                if line.strip().startswith(versionfile_source):
+                if line.strip().startswith(versionfile_source):  # noqa: SIM102
                     if "export-subst" in line.strip().split()[1:]:
                         present = True
                         break
@@ -1467,7 +1465,7 @@ def versions_from_parentdir(
     parentdir_prefix: str,
     root: str,
     verbose: bool,
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Try to determine the version from the parent directory name.
 
     Source tarballs conventionally unpack into a directory that includes both
@@ -1486,8 +1484,7 @@ def versions_from_parentdir(
         root = os.path.dirname(root)  # up a level
 
     if verbose:
-        print("Tried directories %s but none started with prefix %s" %
-              (str(rootdirs), parentdir_prefix))
+        print(f"Tried directories {rootdirs!s} but none started with prefix {parentdir_prefix}")
     raise NotThisMethod("rootdir doesn't start with parentdir_prefix")
 
 
@@ -1509,7 +1506,7 @@ def get_versions():
 """
 
 
-def versions_from_file(filename: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def versions_from_file(filename: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Try to determine the version from _version.py if present."""
     try:
         with open(filename) as f:
@@ -1517,33 +1514,33 @@ def versions_from_file(filename: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     except OSError:
         raise NotThisMethod("unable to read _version.py")
     mo = re.search(r"version_json = '''\n(.*)'''  # END VERSION_JSON",
-                   contents, re.M | re.S)
+                   contents, re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
     if not mo:
         mo = re.search(r"version_json = '''\r\n(.*)'''  # END VERSION_JSON",
-                       contents, re.M | re.S)
+                       contents, re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
     if not mo:
         raise NotThisMethod("no version_json in _version.py")
     return json.loads(mo.group(1))
 
 
-def write_to_version_file(filename: str, versions: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+def write_to_version_file(filename: str, versions: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     """Write the given version number to the given _version.py file."""
     contents = json.dumps(versions, sort_keys=True,
                           indent=1, separators=(",", ": "))
     with open(filename, "w") as f:
         f.write(SHORT_VERSION_PY % contents)
 
-    print("set %s to '%s'" % (filename, versions["version"]))
+    print("set {} to '{}'".format(filename, versions["version"]))
 
 
-def plus_or_dot(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def plus_or_dot(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """Return a + if we don't already have one, else return a ."""
     if "+" in pieces.get("closest-tag", ""):
         return "."
     return "+"
 
 
-def render_pep440(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """Build up version string, with post-release "local version identifier".
 
     Our goal: TAG[+DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]] . Note that if you
@@ -1568,7 +1565,7 @@ def render_pep440(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_branch(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[[.dev0]+DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means not master branch. Note that .dev0 sorts backwards
@@ -1598,7 +1595,7 @@ def render_pep440_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]]:
+def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> tuple[str, int | None]:
     """Split pep440 version string at the post-release segment.
 
     Returns the release segments before the post-release and the
@@ -1608,7 +1605,7 @@ def pep440_split_post(ver: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]]:
     return vc[0], int(vc[1] or 0) if len(vc) == 2 else None
 
 
-def render_pep440_pre(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_pre(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postN.devDISTANCE] -- No -dirty.
 
     Exceptions:
@@ -1632,7 +1629,7 @@ def render_pep440_pre(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_post(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_post(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]+gHEX] .
 
     The ".dev0" means dirty. Note that .dev0 sorts backwards
@@ -1649,17 +1646,17 @@ def render_pep440_post(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
             if pieces["dirty"]:
                 rendered += ".dev0"
             rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "g%s" % pieces["short"]
+            rendered += "g{}".format(pieces["short"])
     else:
         # exception #1
         rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+g%s" % pieces["short"]
+        rendered += "+g{}".format(pieces["short"])
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]+gHEX[.dirty]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means not master branch.
@@ -1674,7 +1671,7 @@ def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
             if pieces["branch"] != "master":
                 rendered += ".dev0"
             rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "g%s" % pieces["short"]
+            rendered += "g{}".format(pieces["short"])
             if pieces["dirty"]:
                 rendered += ".dirty"
     else:
@@ -1682,13 +1679,13 @@ def render_pep440_post_branch(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
         rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
         if pieces["branch"] != "master":
             rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+g%s" % pieces["short"]
+        rendered += "+g{}".format(pieces["short"])
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dirty"
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_pep440_old(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_pep440_old(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]] .
 
     The ".dev0" means dirty.
@@ -1710,7 +1707,7 @@ def render_pep440_old(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_git_describe(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_git_describe(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG[-DISTANCE-gHEX][-dirty].
 
     Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always'.
@@ -1730,7 +1727,7 @@ def render_git_describe(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render_git_describe_long(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def render_git_describe_long(pieces: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     """TAG-DISTANCE-gHEX[-dirty].
 
     Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always -long'.
@@ -1750,7 +1747,7 @@ def render_git_describe_long(pieces: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return rendered
 
 
-def render(pieces: Dict[str, Any], style: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def render(pieces: dict[str, Any], style: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Render the given version pieces into the requested style."""
     if pieces["error"]:
         return {"version": "unknown",
@@ -1779,7 +1776,7 @@ def render(pieces: Dict[str, Any], style: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     elif style == "git-describe-long":
         rendered = render_git_describe_long(pieces)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown style '%s'" % style)
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown style '{style}'")
 
     return {"version": rendered, "full-revisionid": pieces["long"],
             "dirty": pieces["dirty"], "error": None,
@@ -1790,7 +1787,7 @@ class VersioneerBadRootError(Exception):
     """The project root directory is unknown or missing key files."""
 
 
-def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Get the project version from whatever source is available.
 
     Returns dict with two keys: 'version' and 'full'.
@@ -1804,7 +1801,7 @@ def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
     assert cfg.VCS is not None, "please set [versioneer]VCS= in setup.cfg"
     handlers = HANDLERS.get(cfg.VCS)
-    assert handlers, "unrecognized VCS '%s'" % cfg.VCS
+    assert handlers, f"unrecognized VCS '{cfg.VCS}'"
     verbose = verbose or bool(cfg.verbose)  # `bool()` used to avoid `None`
     assert cfg.versionfile_source is not None, \
         "please set versioneer.versionfile_source"
@@ -1825,7 +1822,7 @@ def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             keywords = get_keywords_f(versionfile_abs)
             ver = from_keywords_f(keywords, cfg.tag_prefix, verbose)
             if verbose:
-                print("got version from expanded keyword %s" % ver)
+                print(f"got version from expanded keyword {ver}")
             return ver
         except NotThisMethod:
             pass
@@ -1833,7 +1830,7 @@ def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     try:
         ver = versions_from_file(versionfile_abs)
         if verbose:
-            print("got version from file %s %s" % (versionfile_abs, ver))
+            print(f"got version from file {versionfile_abs} {ver}")
         return ver
     except NotThisMethod:
         pass
@@ -1844,7 +1841,7 @@ def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             pieces = from_vcs_f(cfg.tag_prefix, root, verbose)
             ver = render(pieces, cfg.style)
             if verbose:
-                print("got version from VCS %s" % ver)
+                print(f"got version from VCS {ver}")
             return ver
         except NotThisMethod:
             pass
@@ -1853,7 +1850,7 @@ def get_versions(verbose: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         if cfg.parentdir_prefix:
             ver = versions_from_parentdir(cfg.parentdir_prefix, root, verbose)
             if verbose:
-                print("got version from parentdir %s" % ver)
+                print(f"got version from parentdir {ver}")
             return ver
     except NotThisMethod:
         pass
@@ -1871,7 +1868,7 @@ def get_version() -> str:
     return get_versions()["version"]
 
 
-def get_cmdclass(cmdclass: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
+def get_cmdclass(cmdclass: dict[str, Any] | None = None):
     """Get the custom setuptools subclasses used by Versioneer.
 
     If the package uses a different cmdclass (e.g. one from numpy), it
@@ -1899,8 +1896,8 @@ def get_cmdclass(cmdclass: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
 
     class cmd_version(Command):
         description = "report generated version string"
-        user_options: List[Tuple[str, str, str]] = []
-        boolean_options: List[str] = []
+        user_options: list[tuple[str, str, str]] = []  # noqa: RUF012
+        boolean_options: list[str] = []  # noqa: RUF012
 
         def initialize_options(self) -> None:
             pass
@@ -1910,12 +1907,12 @@ def finalize_options(self) -> None:
 
         def run(self) -> None:
             vers = get_versions(verbose=True)
-            print("Version: %s" % vers["version"])
-            print(" full-revisionid: %s" % vers.get("full-revisionid"))
-            print(" dirty: %s" % vers.get("dirty"))
-            print(" date: %s" % vers.get("date"))
+            print("Version: {}".format(vers["version"]))
+            print(" full-revisionid: {}".format(vers.get("full-revisionid")))
+            print(" dirty: {}".format(vers.get("dirty")))
+            print(" date: {}".format(vers.get("date")))
             if vers["error"]:
-                print(" error: %s" % vers["error"])
+                print(" error: {}".format(vers["error"]))
     cmds["version"] = cmd_version
 
     # we override "build_py" in setuptools
@@ -1957,7 +1954,7 @@ def run(self) -> None:
             if cfg.versionfile_build:
                 target_versionfile = os.path.join(self.build_lib,
                                                   cfg.versionfile_build)
-                print("UPDATING %s" % target_versionfile)
+                print(f"UPDATING {target_versionfile}")
                 write_to_version_file(target_versionfile, versions)
     cmds["build_py"] = cmd_build_py
 
@@ -1989,7 +1986,7 @@ def run(self) -> None:
                       "version update. This can happen if you are running build_ext "
                       "without first running build_py.")
                 return
-            print("UPDATING %s" % target_versionfile)
+            print(f"UPDATING {target_versionfile}")
             write_to_version_file(target_versionfile, versions)
     cmds["build_ext"] = cmd_build_ext
 
@@ -2008,7 +2005,7 @@ def run(self) -> None:
                 cfg = get_config_from_root(root)
                 versions = get_versions()
                 target_versionfile = cfg.versionfile_source
-                print("UPDATING %s" % target_versionfile)
+                print(f"UPDATING {target_versionfile}")
                 write_to_version_file(target_versionfile, versions)
 
                 _build_exe.run(self)
@@ -2037,7 +2034,7 @@ def run(self) -> None:
                 cfg = get_config_from_root(root)
                 versions = get_versions()
                 target_versionfile = cfg.versionfile_source
-                print("UPDATING %s" % target_versionfile)
+                print(f"UPDATING {target_versionfile}")
                 write_to_version_file(target_versionfile, versions)
 
                 _py2exe.run(self)
@@ -2105,7 +2102,7 @@ def run(self) -> None:
             self.distribution.metadata.version = versions["version"]
             return _sdist.run(self)
 
-        def make_release_tree(self, base_dir: str, files: List[str]) -> None:
+        def make_release_tree(self, base_dir: str, files: list[str]) -> None:
             root = get_root()
             cfg = get_config_from_root(root)
             _sdist.make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files)
@@ -2113,7 +2110,7 @@ def make_release_tree(self, base_dir: str, files: List[str]) -> None:
             # (remembering that it may be a hardlink) and replace it with an
             # updated value
             target_versionfile = os.path.join(base_dir, cfg.versionfile_source)
-            print("UPDATING %s" % target_versionfile)
+            print(f"UPDATING {target_versionfile}")
             write_to_version_file(target_versionfile,
                                   self._versioneer_generated_versions)
     cmds["sdist"] = cmd_sdist
@@ -2185,7 +2182,7 @@ def do_setup() -> int:
         print(CONFIG_ERROR, file=sys.stderr)
         return 1
 
-    print(" creating %s" % cfg.versionfile_source)
+    print(f" creating {cfg.versionfile_source}")
     with open(cfg.versionfile_source, "w") as f:
         LONG = LONG_VERSION_PY[cfg.VCS]
         f.write(LONG % {"DOLLAR": "$",
@@ -2197,7 +2194,7 @@ def do_setup() -> int:
 
     ipy = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(cfg.versionfile_source),
                        "__init__.py")
-    maybe_ipy: Optional[str] = ipy
+    maybe_ipy: str | None = ipy
     if os.path.exists(ipy):
         try:
             with open(ipy, "r") as f:
@@ -2207,17 +2204,17 @@ def do_setup() -> int:
         module = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(cfg.versionfile_source))[0]
         snippet = INIT_PY_SNIPPET.format(module)
         if OLD_SNIPPET in old:
-            print(" replacing boilerplate in %s" % ipy)
+            print(f" replacing boilerplate in {ipy}")
             with open(ipy, "w") as f:
                 f.write(old.replace(OLD_SNIPPET, snippet))
         elif snippet not in old:
-            print(" appending to %s" % ipy)
+            print(f" appending to {ipy}")
             with open(ipy, "a") as f:
                 f.write(snippet)
         else:
-            print(" %s unmodified" % ipy)
+            print(f" {ipy} unmodified")
     else:
-        print(" %s doesn't exist, ok" % ipy)
+        print(f" {ipy} doesn't exist, ok")
         maybe_ipy = None
 
     # Make VCS-specific changes. For git, this means creating/changing
@@ -2233,7 +2230,7 @@ def scan_setup_py() -> int:
     setters = False
     errors = 0
     with open("setup.py", "r") as f:
-        for line in f.readlines():
+        for line in f:
             if "import versioneer" in line:
                 found.add("import")
             if "versioneer.get_cmdclass()" in line:
@@ -2245,21 +2242,21 @@ def scan_setup_py() -> int:
             if "versioneer.versionfile_source" in line:
                 setters = True
     if len(found) != 3:
-        print("")
+        print()
         print("Your setup.py appears to be missing some important items")
         print("(but I might be wrong). Please make sure it has something")
         print("roughly like the following:")
-        print("")
+        print()
         print(" import versioneer")
         print(" setup( version=versioneer.get_version(),")
         print("        cmdclass=versioneer.get_cmdclass(),  ...)")
-        print("")
+        print()
         errors += 1
     if setters:
         print("You should remove lines like 'versioneer.VCS = ' and")
         print("'versioneer.versionfile_source = ' . This configuration")
         print("now lives in setup.cfg, and should be removed from setup.py")
-        print("")
+        print()
         errors += 1
     return errors