[DEVCONTAINER] Use an Ubuntu 24.04 base image and pin CMake

[dbarker]

Fixes # (issue)

Update the Devcontainer image to use a pinned Ubuntu 24.04 base image to stay aligned with the CI runners until all can be upgraded to an 26.04 base image as the latest.

Changes

• Change the Base image from the cpp-build-tools image to an Ubuntu 24.04 base image
• Install CMake (defaults to 3.31) explicitly since opentracing produces configuration errors with CMake 4.0
• Install the format tools with the ci script
• Add the openssl-client with the setup_environment script to support using git inside the container

Please provide a brief description of the changes here.

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 86.51%. Comparing base (6793d38) to head (2dc9355).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #4595   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   86.51%   86.51%           
=======================================
  Files         525      525           
  Lines       20464    20464           
=======================================
  Hits        17702    17702           
  Misses       2762     2762           

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