Outbox

Overview
Installation
How to use
FAQ
License
Contributing

Overview

The Transactional Outbox pattern solves the dual-write problem: persisting an aggregate state change and publishing an integration event must happen atomically. Doing both independently risks a crash leaving one side committed and the other lost. The outbox pattern records both in the same database transaction, delegating event delivery to a separate relay process.

This library is the write-side adapter. It persists every domain fact atomically with aggregate state via Doctrine DBAL. Domain events with a registered translator follow the pipeline DomainEvent → IntegrationEventTranslator → IntegrationEvent → PayloadSerializer → INSERT and are persisted as integration events. Domain events without a translator are persisted as well, carrying the domain event itself: the row takes the domain event's own type and revision, and its payload is produced by reflection over the event's public properties. Every record produces a row, so the unique constraint over (aggregate_type, aggregate_id, aggregate_version) can detect lost updates on every state transition.

The library is opinionated on correctness: transactions are always required, JSON validity is always checked, and every schema decision is left to you: table name, column names, and identity column storage type are all configurable.

The library composes with tiny-blocks/building-blocks, which contributes DomainEvent, EventRecord, EventRecords, IntegrationEvent, IntegrationEventBehavior, IntegrationEventRecord, IntegrationEventTranslator, IntegrationEventTranslators, EventType, Revision, AggregateVersion, and the EventualAggregateRoot family. This library provides the persistence step only.

Installation

composer require tiny-blocks/outbox

How to use

Expected table schema

The library does not create or manage the outbox table. Add it in your own migration.

Default schema (BINARY(16) identity columns, recommended for UUID-based aggregates):

CREATE TABLE outbox_events
(
    id                BINARY(16)   NOT NULL COMMENT 'The event identifier in UUID format (v7 by default, e.g. 018f8e94-1c2a-7c3d-9b4e-5f6a7b8c9d0e).',
    payload           JSON         NOT NULL COMMENT 'The event payload serialized as a JSON object (e.g. {"transaction_id":"..."}).',
    revision          INT          NOT NULL COMMENT 'The positive integer indicating the schema revision of the persisted event payload (e.g. 1).',
    event_type        VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'The event type in CamelCase (e.g. PaymentConfirmed). Carries the integration event type when a translator matches, otherwise the domain event type.',
    occurred_at       TIMESTAMP(6) NOT NULL COMMENT 'The UTC date and time when the event occurred in ISO 8601 format (e.g. 2026-02-13T08:49:44.931408+00:00).',
    aggregate_id      BINARY(16)   NOT NULL COMMENT 'The aggregate root identifier in UUID format (e.g. 018f8e94-1c2a-7c3d-9b4e-5f6a7b8c9d0e).',
    aggregate_type    VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'The aggregate root class name that produced the event in CamelCase (e.g. Transaction).',
    aggregate_version BIGINT       NOT NULL COMMENT 'The version of the aggregate at the moment the event was emitted, used to detect duplicate or out-of-order events per aggregate (e.g. 1).',
    created_at        TIMESTAMP(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(6) COMMENT 'The UTC date and time when the record was inserted in ISO 8601 format (e.g. 2026-02-13T08:49:44.931408+00:00).',
    PRIMARY KEY (id),
    CONSTRAINT unq_outbox_events_aggregate_type_aggregate_id_aggregate_version UNIQUE (aggregate_type, aggregate_id, aggregate_version)
) ENGINE = InnoDB
  DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4
  COLLATE = utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT ='Table used to persist append-only outbox events for atomic event publication.';

The library writes to id, aggregate_id, aggregate_type, event_type, revision, aggregate_version, payload, and occurred_at. It never writes to created_at. The database fills it automatically.

For aggregates whose identities are not UUID strings, use VARCHAR columns and configure IdentityColumnType::STRING (see Customizing the table layout):

CREATE TABLE outbox_events
(
    -- For non-UUID identities: VARCHAR(36) or wider.
    id           VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL,
    aggregate_id VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL
    -- All other columns are the same as the default schema.
)

Wiring the repository

DoctrineOutboxRepository requires a Doctrine DBAL Connection, a PayloadSerializers collection, and an IntegrationEventTranslators collection. The table layout defaults to table outbox_events with BINARY(16) identity columns.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslators;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\DoctrineOutboxRepository;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializerReflection;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializers;

$repository = new DoctrineOutboxRepository(
    connection: $connection,
    serializers: PayloadSerializers::createFrom(elements: [
        new PayloadSerializerReflection()
    ]),
    translators: IntegrationEventTranslators::createFrom(elements: [
        new OrderPlacedTranslator()
    ])
);

PayloadSerializerReflection serializes any integration event through tiny-blocks/mapper, resolving scalars, nested value objects, backed and pure enums, and date-times, and unwrapping single-property wrappers to their inner value. Register specific serializers before it for integration events that need custom shaping (see Writing a custom payload serializer).

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
`connection`	`Connection`	Yes	Doctrine DBAL connection used for all INSERT statements.
`serializers`	`PayloadSerializers`	Yes	Ordered collection of payload serializers operating on integration event records, first match wins.
`translators`	`IntegrationEventTranslators`	Yes	Ordered collection of translators mapping domain events to integration events. Records without a matching translator are persisted carrying the domain event itself.
`tableLayout`	`TableLayout`	No	Table and column configuration, defaults to `outbox_events` with BINARY(16) ids.

Producing events from an aggregate

Aggregates that implement EventualAggregateRoot and use EventualAggregateRootBehavior record domain events in an internal buffer as state changes occur. The application layer drains that buffer into the outbox inside the same database transaction that persists the aggregate state. The library filters and translates each domain event internally: you never pass integration events directly.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\DomainEvent;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\DomainEventBehavior;

# A domain event. Stays internal to the bounded context. A translator maps it to the public contract.
final readonly class OrderPlaced implements DomainEvent
{
    use DomainEventBehavior;

    public function __construct(public string $orderId)
    {
    }
}

# Both the aggregate state change and the outbox write happen inside the same transaction.
$connection->beginTransaction();

try {
    $order = Order::place(orderId: 'order-123');
    $orderRepository->save(order: $order);
    $outboxRepository->push(records: $order->recordedEvents());
    $connection->commit();
} catch (Throwable $exception) {
    $connection->rollBack();
    throw $exception;
}

The aggregate instance is use-once: its recorded-events buffer is never cleared by the library. Discard the instance after push(). Re-saving the same instance pushes the same records again and throws DuplicateOutboxEvent.

Declaring integration events and translators

Declaring an integration event

An integration event is the stable public contract that flows across bounded contexts. Declare it with IntegrationEventBehavior, which provides a default revision() returning revision 1. Override revision() only when the event's payload structure changes in a backward-incompatible way.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEvent;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventBehavior;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\Revision;

# Integration event class names use ubiquitous-language terms, not a suffix like IntegrationEvent.
final readonly class OrderShipped implements IntegrationEvent
{
    use IntegrationEventBehavior;

    public function __construct(public string $orderId)
    {
    }
}

# Bump revision() only when the public payload schema changes.
final readonly class PaymentConfirmed implements IntegrationEvent
{
    use IntegrationEventBehavior;

    public function revision(): Revision
    {
        return Revision::of(value: 2);
    }
}

Writing a translator

A translator implements the Anti-Corruption Layer between the internal domain model and the public contract. supports() checks instanceof on the concrete domain event class. translate() constructs and returns the integration event.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\EventRecord;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEvent;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslator;

final readonly class OrderPlacedTranslator implements IntegrationEventTranslator
{
    public function supports(EventRecord $record): bool
    {
        return $record->event instanceof OrderPlaced;
    }

    public function translate(EventRecord $record): IntegrationEvent
    {
        return new OrderShipped(orderId: $record->event->orderId);
    }
}

Registering translators

Pass an IntegrationEventTranslators collection to the repository constructor. Lookup follows first-match-wins semantics: the first translator whose supports() returns true is used.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslators;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\DoctrineOutboxRepository;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializerReflection;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializers;

$repository = new DoctrineOutboxRepository(
    connection: $connection,
    serializers: PayloadSerializers::createFrom(elements: [
        new PayloadSerializerReflection()
    ]),
    translators: IntegrationEventTranslators::createFrom(elements: [
        new OrderPlacedTranslator(),
        new PaymentReceivedTranslator()
    ])
);

Domain events without translators

Domain events that have no registered translator are persisted as well, carrying the domain event itself. The event_type and revision columns take the domain event's own eventType() and revision(), and the payload is produced by reflection over the domain event's public properties through tiny-blocks/mapper. No PayloadSerializer is consulted on this path. Registering a translator remains the explicit opt-in for shaping the public contract: it replaces the persisted payload with the integration event produced by the Anti-Corruption Layer.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslators;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\DoctrineOutboxRepository;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializerReflection;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializers;

# InventoryReserved has no translator registered: its row carries the domain event itself,
# with event_type InventoryReserved and a payload reflecting its public properties.
$repository = new DoctrineOutboxRepository(
    connection: $connection,
    serializers: PayloadSerializers::createFrom(elements: [
        new PayloadSerializerReflection()
    ]),
    translators: IntegrationEventTranslators::createFrom(elements: [
        new OrderPlacedTranslator()
    ])
);

Customizing the table layout

TableLayout::builder() controls the table name. Columns::builder() renames individual columns and switches identity column storage between BINARY(16) and STRING.

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslators;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\DoctrineOutboxRepository;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Schema\Columns;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Schema\IdentityColumnType;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Schema\TableLayout;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializerReflection;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializers;

$tableLayout = TableLayout::builder()
    ->withColumns(columns: Columns::builder()
        ->withId(name: 'id', type: IdentityColumnType::STRING)
        ->withEventType(name: 'kind')
        ->withAggregateId(name: 'aggregate_id', type: IdentityColumnType::STRING)
        ->withAggregateType(name: 'entity_class')
        ->withAggregateVersion(name: 'position')
        ->build())
    ->withTableName(tableName: 'my_outbox')
    ->build();

$repository = new DoctrineOutboxRepository(
    connection: $connection,
    serializers: PayloadSerializers::createFrom(elements: [new PayloadSerializerReflection()]),
    translators: IntegrationEventTranslators::createFrom(elements: [new OrderPlacedTranslator()]),
    tableLayout: $tableLayout
);

All Columns::builder() methods are optional. Omit any method to keep its default. withId and withAggregateId require both name: and type:, all other methods require only name:.

Method	Default column name	Default type	Description
`withId(name:, type:)`	`id`	`BINARY`	Renames the event id column and/or changes its storage type.
`withPayload(name:)`	`payload`		Renames the event payload column.
`withRevision(name:)`	`revision`		Renames the schema revision column.
`withEventType(name:)`	`event_type`		Renames the event type column.
`withOccurredAt(name:)`	`occurred_at`		Renames the event timestamp column.
`withAggregateId(name:, type:)`	`aggregate_id`	`BINARY`	Renames the aggregate id column and/or changes its storage type.
`withAggregateType(name:)`	`aggregate_type`		Renames the aggregate type column.
`withAggregateVersion(name:)`	`aggregate_version`		Renames the aggregate version column.
`withCreatedAt(name:)`	`created_at`		Renames the record creation timestamp column.

TableLayout::builder() controls the table name, columns, and unique constraint name.

Method	Default	Description.
`withColumns(columns:)`	Default column names.	Provides a custom `Columns` configuration.
`withTableName(tableName:)`	`outbox_events`	Sets the outbox table name.
`withUniqueConstraint(name:)`	`unq_outbox_events_aggregate_type_aggregate_id_aggregate_version`	Sets the unique constraint name used to detect duplicate versions.

The DDL example uses unq_outbox_events_aggregate_type_aggregate_id_aggregate_version as the unique constraint name. The library expects this name by default, if you rename it in your DDL, configure it via TableLayout::builder()->withUniqueConstraint(name: 'your_name')->build().

Constraint violation detection works with MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server. These DBMSs include the constraint name in their violation messages. SQLite is not supported because it omits the constraint name. All unique violations with SQLite fall under DuplicateOutboxEvent.

Writing a custom payload serializer

PayloadSerializerReflection covers integration events that tiny-blocks/mapper maps by reflection: scalars, nested value objects, backed and pure enums, and date-times, with single-property wrappers unwrapped to their inner value. Implement PayloadSerializer explicitly for integration events that need a payload shape the mapper does not produce by default. Payload serializers apply to translated records only: rows persisted without a translator serialize the domain event by reflection and never consult the PayloadSerializers collection.

Both supports() and serialize() receive the full IntegrationEventRecord, giving access to $record->event (the IntegrationEvent), $record->aggregateType, $record->aggregateId, $record->aggregateVersion, and all other envelope fields when routing or shaping the payload.

Use match (true) in serialize() to handle multiple integration event types from the same aggregate in a single serializer:

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventRecord;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventTranslators;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\DoctrineOutboxRepository;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializer;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializerReflection;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\PayloadSerializers;
use TinyBlocks\Outbox\Serialization\SerializedPayload;

final readonly class OrderEventSerializer implements PayloadSerializer
{
    public function supports(IntegrationEventRecord $record): bool
    {
        return $record->event instanceof OrderShipped || $record->event instanceof OrderCanceled;
    }

    public function serialize(IntegrationEventRecord $record): SerializedPayload
    {
        return match (true) {
            $record->event instanceof OrderShipped => SerializedPayload::from(
                payload: json_encode(['orderId' => $record->event->orderId], JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR)
            ),
            $record->event instanceof OrderCanceled => SerializedPayload::from(
                payload: json_encode(
                    ['orderId' => $record->event->orderId, 'reason' => $record->event->reason],
                    JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR
                )
            )
        };
    }
}

# Register custom serializers before PayloadSerializerReflection.
# PayloadSerializerReflection always returns true from supports(), so it must come last.
$repository = new DoctrineOutboxRepository(
    connection: $connection,
    serializers: PayloadSerializers::createFrom(elements: [
        new OrderEventSerializer(),
        new PayloadSerializerReflection()
    ]),
    translators: IntegrationEventTranslators::createFrom(elements: [
        new OrderPlacedTranslator(),
        new OrderCanceledTranslator()
    ])
);

SerializedPayload::from() validates the JSON string at construction time and throws InvalidPayloadJson if the JSON is malformed, before the INSERT is attempted. When building the JSON from an array, prefer SerializedPayload::fromArray($array) over SerializedPayload::from(json_encode($array, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR)). The library handles encoding internally.

Event schema versioning

Each integration event declares its schema revision via IntegrationEvent::revision(). IntegrationEventBehavior provides the default implementation, returning revision 1. Override revision() when the integration event's payload structure changes in a backward-incompatible way:

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEvent;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\IntegrationEventBehavior;
use TinyBlocks\BuildingBlocks\Event\Revision;

# Revision 2: a currency field was added to the public contract. Override revision() to declare the schema bump.
final readonly class OrderShipped implements IntegrationEvent
{
    use IntegrationEventBehavior;

    public function __construct(public string $orderId, public string $currency)
    {
    }

    public function revision(): Revision
    {
        return Revision::of(value: 2);
    }
}

The revision column stored in the outbox lets downstream consumers detect schema changes. tiny-blocks/building-blocks provides Upcaster, Upcasters, IntermediateEvent, and SingleUpcasterBehavior to migrate events from older revisions to the current schema on the read side.

FAQ

01. Why don't I need a custom serializer for each integration event?

PayloadSerializerReflection delegates to tiny-blocks/mapper, which serializes any integration event by reflection: scalars, nested value objects, backed and pure enums, and date-times, with single-property wrappers unwrapped to their inner value. It always returns true from supports(), making it a universal catch-all when registered last in PayloadSerializers::createFrom(). Only integration events that need a payload shape different from the mapper's default require an explicit serializer.

02. What is the difference between revision and aggregate_version?

revision is a schema version declared on the integration event class via IntegrationEvent::revision(). It starts at 1 and is bumped when the event's public payload structure changes. aggregate_version is the aggregate's internal version counter, incremented once per recorded event and used for optimistic offline locking. They are independent: revision tracks integration event schema evolution, aggregate_version tracks the position of an event within a single aggregate's history.

03. Why does push require an active transaction?

The Transactional Outbox pattern's core guarantee is that the outbox record is committed atomically with the aggregate state change. If push() were allowed outside a transaction, a crash between the aggregate save and the outbox write would leave one side committed and the other lost. OutboxRequiresActiveTransaction makes this contract explicit. Calling push() without an active beginTransaction() is always a programming error.

04. When does each duplication exception fire?

DuplicateOutboxEvent fires when an EventRecord with the same id already exists in the outbox (PRIMARY KEY violation). DuplicateAggregateVersion fires when two records share the same aggregate_type, aggregate_id, and aggregate_version (unq_outbox_events_aggregate_type_aggregate_id_aggregate_version constraint violation). The latter typically indicates concurrent producers writing to the same aggregate version without proper locking. Both extend RuntimeException and can be caught independently for precise idempotency handling.

05. Why is BINARY(16) the default for identity columns?

UUID identifiers are 128 bits, which fit exactly in 16 bytes. Storing them as BINARY(16) instead of VARCHAR(36) saves 20 bytes per row on each identity column and indexes more efficiently in B-tree structures. Aggregate identities that are not UUID strings, for example ULID, snowflake, integer, or opaque strings, must configure IdentityColumnType::STRING via Columns::builder() and use a compatible column type in the schema.

06. Does this library read events from the outbox?

No. OutboxRepository is a write-only interface. Reading, relaying, and processing outbox records is the responsibility of a separate relay worker, which is outside the scope of this library.

07. How are outbox records ordered?

Per-aggregate ordering is guaranteed by aggregate_version: a monotonic counter, unique per aggregate, that advances by one for each recorded event. Cross-aggregate ordering is the relay's responsibility. Common strategies include using a time-ordered identifier for id (e.g. UUID v7), or ordering by created_at on the relay side. occurred_at records when the domain event happened in the producing process and is subject to clock skew, do not use it as a primary ordering source.

08. Why does PayloadSerializer receive IntegrationEventRecord instead of IntegrationEvent?

Routing and shaping decisions often depend on context beyond the event payload itself. For example, a single serializer may handle integration events from a specific aggregate type ($record->aggregateType === 'Order'), or the payload shaping may vary based on the aggregate version ($record->aggregateVersion). Receiving the full IntegrationEventRecord in both supports() and serialize() gives serializers access to all available envelope context without requiring any additional indirection.

09. How does the library handle transient database errors?

The library catches UniqueConstraintViolationException to differentiate DuplicateAggregateVersion from DuplicateOutboxEvent. All other DBAL exceptions, including transient errors like deadlocks (DeadlockException), lock wait timeouts (LockWaitTimeoutException), and connection failures (ConnectionLost), propagate unchanged to the caller.

The consumer is responsible for any retry policy. A common pattern is to wrap the unit of work (aggregate save + outbox push) in a retry loop that catches transient exceptions and re-executes the entire transaction.

10. Why are domain events without a translator persisted instead of skipped?

The outbox table registers every domain fact. The unique constraint over aggregate_type, aggregate_id, and aggregate_version can only detect lost updates when every state transition writes a row. Skipping untranslated events would leave gaps in the aggregate's history and let two concurrent producers commit the same aggregate version unnoticed. Untranslated events are therefore persisted carrying the domain event itself, with its own type, revision, and a reflection-produced payload. Registering a translator remains the explicit opt-in for shaping the public contract that crosses the bounded-context boundary.

11. Why doesn't the library accept a DomainEvent directly for publication?

The Anti-Corruption Layer rationale established in tiny-blocks/building-blocks applies here (see Vaughn Vernon, Implementing Domain-Driven Design, Addison-Wesley, 2013, Chapter 3, "Context Maps"). The public contract must evolve independently of the internal model. Accepting a domain event directly reintroduces the coupling that the integration event abstraction exists to eliminate: every change to the domain event's shape would affect external consumers. The cost of writing a translator is small and the gain in contract stability is the entire reason for the design. See the IntegrationEventTranslator documentation in tiny-blocks/building-blocks for the full rationale.

License

Outbox is licensed under MIT.

Contributing

Please follow the contributing guidelines to contribute to the project.

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LICENSE		LICENSE
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Outbox

Overview

Installation

How to use

Expected table schema

Wiring the repository

Producing events from an aggregate

Declaring integration events and translators

Declaring an integration event

Writing a translator

Registering translators

Domain events without translators

Customizing the table layout

Writing a custom payload serializer

Event schema versioning

FAQ

01. Why don't I need a custom serializer for each integration event?

02. What is the difference between revision and aggregate_version?

03. Why does push require an active transaction?

04. When does each duplication exception fire?

05. Why is BINARY(16) the default for identity columns?

06. Does this library read events from the outbox?

07. How are outbox records ordered?

08. Why does PayloadSerializer receive IntegrationEventRecord instead of IntegrationEvent?

09. How does the library handle transient database errors?

10. Why are domain events without a translator persisted instead of skipped?

11. Why doesn't the library accept a DomainEvent directly for publication?

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